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Other names
Achyuta, Damodara, Gopala, Gopinath, Govinda, Keshava, Madhava, Radha Ramana, Vāsudeva
Devanagari
कृष्ण
Sanskrit transliteration
Kṛṣṇa
Affiliation
Svayam Bhagavan (Krishnaism-Vaishnavism)
Avatar of Vishnu
Dashavatara
Radha Krishna[4][5]
Abode
GolokaVrindavanGokulMathuraDvarakaVaikuntha
Mantra
Hare Krishna
Om Namo Bhagavate Vasudevaya
Weapon
Sudarshana Chakra
Kaumodaki
Battles
Kurukshetra War
Day
Wednesday
Mount
Garuda
Texts
Bhagavata Purana
Garga Samhita
Harivamsa
Vishnu Purana
Mahabharata (incl. Bhagavad Gita)
Brahma Vaivarta Purana
Gender
Male
Festivals
Krishna JanmashtamiHoliGopashtamiGovardhan PujaKartik PurnimaSharad PurnimaLathmar Holi
Personal information
Born
Mathura, Surasena (present-day Uttar Pradesh, India)[6]
Died
Bhalka, Saurashtra (present-day Veraval, Gujarat, India)[7]
Parents
Devaki (mother)
Vasudeva (father)
Yashoda (foster-mother)
Nanda (foster-father)
Rohini and the other wives of Vasudeva (step-mothers)
Siblings
Balarama (half-brother)
Subhadra (half-sister)
Yogamaya (foster-sister)
other children of Vasudeva
Consorts
RadhaRukminiSatyabhamaother 6 chief queens16,000 – 16,100 Junior queens[10]
[note 2]
Children
PradyumnaSambaBhanu and various other children[8]
[note 1]
Dynasty
Yaduvamsha-ChandravamshaOther names
Achyuta, Damodara, Gopala, Gopinath, Govinda, Keshava, Madhava, Radha Ramana, Vāsudeva
Devanagari
कृष्ण
Sanskrit transliteration
Kṛṣṇa
Affiliation
Svayam Bhagavan (Krishnaism-Vaishnavism)
Avatar of Vishnu
Dashavatara
Radha Krishna[4][5]
Abode
GolokaVrindavanGokulMathuraDvarakaVaikuntha
Mantra
Hare Krishna
Om Namo Bhagavate Vasudevaya
Weapon
Sudarshana Chakra
Kaumodaki
Battles
Kurukshetra War
Day
Wednesday
Mount
Garuda
Texts
Bhagavata Purana
Garga Samhita
Harivamsa
Vishnu Purana
Mahabharata (incl. Bhagavad Gita)
Brahma Vaivarta Purana
Gender
Male
Festivals
Krishna JanmashtamiHoliGopashtamiGovardhan PujaKartik PurnimaSharad PurnimaLathmar Holi
Personal information
Born
Mathura, Surasena (present-day Uttar Pradesh, India)
Died
Bhalka, Saurashtra (present-day Veraval, Gujarat, India
Parents
Devaki (mother)
Vasudeva (father)
Yashoda (foster-mother)
Nanda (foster-father)
Rohini and the other wives of Vasudeva (step-mothers)
Siblings
Balarama (half-brother)
Subhadra (half-sister)
Yogamaya (foster-sister)
other children of Vasudeva
Consorts
RadhaRukminiSatyabhamaother 6 chief queens16,000 – 16,100 Junior queens
Children
PradyumnaSambaBhanu and various other children
Dynasty
Yaduvamsha-Chandravamsha
The anecdotes and narratives of Krishna's life are generally titled as Krishna Līlā. He is a central figure in the Mahabharata, the Bhagavata Purana, the Brahma Vaivarta Purana, and the Bhagavad Gita, and is mentioned in many Hindu philosophical, theological, and mythological texts.[19] They portray him in various perspectives: as a god-child, a prankster, a model lover, a divine hero, and the universal supreme being.[20] His iconography reflects these legends, and shows him in different stages of his life, such as an infant eating butter, a young boy playing a flute, a young boy with Radha or surrounded by female devotees; or a friendly charioteer giving counsel to Arjuna.
The name and synonyms of Krishna have been traced to 1st millennium BCE literature and cults. In some sub-traditions, like Krishnaism, Krishna is worshipped as Svayam Bhagavan (the Supreme God). These sub-traditions arose in the context of the medieval era Bhakti movement. Krishna-related literature has inspired numerous performance arts such as Bharatanatyam, Kathakali, Kuchipudi, Odissi, and Manipuri dance.He is a pan-Hindu god, but is particularly revered in some locations, such as Vrindavan in Uttar Pradesh, Dwarka and Junagadh in Gujarat; the Jagannatha aspect in Odisha, Mayapur in West Bengal; in the form of Vithoba in Pandharpur, Maharashtra, Shrinathji at Nathdwara in Rajasthan, Udupi Krishna in Karnataka Parthasarathy in Tamil Nadu and in Aranmula, Kerala, and Guruvayoorappan in Guruvayoor in Kerala. Since the 1960s, the worship of Krishna has also spread to the Western world and to Africa, largely due to the work of the International Society for Krishna Consciousness.
The name "Krishna" originates from the Sanskrit word Kṛṣṇa, which is primarily an adjective meaning "black", "dark", or "dark blue". The waning moon is called Krishna Paksha, relating to the adjective meaning "darkening".The name is also interpreted sometimes as "all-attractive".
As a name of Vishnu, Krishna is listed as the 57th name in the Vishnu Sahasranama. Based on his name, Krishna is often depicted in idols as black- or blue-skinned. Krishna is also known by various other names, epithets, and titles that reflect his many associations and attributes. Among the most common names are Mohan "enchanter"; Govinda "chief herdsman",Keev "prankster", and Gopala "Protector of the 'Go'", which means "soul" or "the cows".Some names for Krishna hold regional importance; Jagannatha, found in the Puri Hindu temple, is a popular incarnation in Odisha state and nearby regions of eastern India.
The tradition of Krishna appears to be an amalgamation of several independent deities of ancient India, the earliest to be attested being Vāsudeva.Vāsudeva was a hero-god of the tribe of the Vrishnis, belonging to the Vrishni heroes, whose worship is attested from the 5th–6th century BCE in the writings of Pāṇini, and from the 2nd century BCE in epigraphy with the Heliodorus pillar.At one point in time, it is thought that the tribe of the Vrishnis fused with the tribe of the Yadavas/Abhiras, whose own hero-god was named Krishna. Vāsudeva and Krishna fused to become a single deity, which appears in the Mahabharata, and they started to be identified with Vishnu in the Mahabharata and the Bhagavad Gita.Around the 4th century CE, another tradition, the cult of Gopala-Krishna of the Ābhīras, the protector of cattle, was also absorbed into the Krishna tradition.
The Jainism tradition lists 63 Śalākāpuruṣa or notable figures which, amongst others, includes the twenty-four Tirthankaras (spiritual teachers) and nine sets of triads. One of these triads is Krishna as the Vasudeva, Balarama as the Baladeva, and Jarasandha as the Prati-Vasudeva. In each age of the Jain cyclic time is born a Vasudeva with an elder brother termed the Baladeva. Between the triads, Baladeva upholds the principle of non-violence, a central idea of Jainism. The villain is the Prati-vasudeva, who attempts to destroy the world. To save the world, Vasudeva-Krishna has to forsake the non-violence principle and kill the Prati-Vasudeva.The stories of these triads can be found in the Harivamsa Purana (8th century CE) of Jinasena (not be confused with its namesake, the addendum to Mahābhārata) and the Trishashti-shalakapurusha-charita of Hemachandra.
The story of Krishna's life in the Puranas of Jainism follows the same general outline as those in the Hindu texts, but in details, they are very different: they include Jain Tirthankaras as figures in the story, and generally are polemically critical of Krishna, unlike the versions found in the Mahabharata, the Bhagavata Purana, and the Vishnu Purana. For example, Krishna loses battles in the Jain versions, and his gopis and his clan of Yadavas die in a fire created by an ascetic named Dvaipayana. Similarly, after dying from the hunter Jara's arrow, the Jaina texts state Krishna goes to the third hell in Jain cosmology, while his brother is said to go to the sixth heaven.
Vimalasuri is attributed to be the author of the Jain version of the Harivamsa Purana, but no manuscripts have been found that confirm this. It is likely that later Jain scholars, probably Jinasena of the 8th century, wrote a complete version of Krishna legends in the Jain tradition and credited it to the ancient Vimalasuri. Partial and older versions of the Krishna story are available in Jain literature, such as in the Antagata Dasao of the Svetambara Agama tradition.
In other Jain texts, Krishna is stated to be a cousin of the twenty-second Tirthankara, Neminatha. The Jain texts state that Neminatha taught Krishna all the wisdom that he later gave to Arjuna in the Bhagavad Gita. According to Jeffery D. Long, a professor of religion known for his publications on Jainism, this connection between Krishna and Neminatha has been a historic reason for Jains to accept, read, and cite the Bhagavad Gita as a spiritually important text, celebrate Krishna-related festivals, and intermingle with Hindus as spiritual cousins.
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