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2nd Leader of Indian National Army[d]
In office
4 July 1943 – 18 August 1945
Preceded by
Mohan Singh
Succeeded by
Office abolished
President of the All India Forward Bloc
In office
22 June 1939 – 16 January 1941
Preceded by
Office created
Succeeded by
Sardul Singh Kavishar
President of the Indian National Congress
In office
18 January 1938 – 29 April 1939
Preceded by
Jawaharlal Nehru
Succeeded by
Rajendra Prasad
5th Mayor of Calcutta
In office
22 August 1930 – 15 April 1931
Preceded by
Jatindra Mohan Sengupta
Succeeded by
Bidhan Chandra Roy
Personal details
Born
Subhas Chandra Bose
23 January 1897
Cuttack, Bengal Presidency, British India (present-day Odisha, India)
Died
18 August 1945 (aged 48)[4][5]
Taihoku, Japanese Taiwan (present-day Taipei, Taiwan)
Cause of death
Third-degree burns from aircrash[5]
Resting place
Renkō-ji, Tokyo, Japan
Political party
Indian National Congress
All India Forward Bloc
Spouse(s)
Emilie Schenkl (m. 1937)
(secretly married without ceremony or witnesses, unacknowledged publicly by Bose)[6]
Children
Anita Bose Pfaff
Parents
Janakinath Bose (father)
Prabhabati Bose (mother)
Education
Baptist Mission's Protestant European School, Cuttack, 1902–09[7]
Ravenshaw Collegiate School, Cuttack, 1909–12[8]
Presidency College, Calcutta, 1912–15 February 1916[e][f]
Scottish Church College, Calcutta, 20 July 1917–1919
Fitzwilliam Hall, Non-Collegiate Students Board, Cambridge, 1919–21.[11][g]
Alma mater
University of Calcutta (B.A., Philosophy, 1919)
University of Cambridge (B.A. Mental and Moral Sciences Tripos, 1921.[11])
Known for
Indian independence movement
independence.The Indian National Congress, the main instrument of Indian nationalism, praised Bose's patriotism but distanced itself from his tactics and ideology. The British Raj, never seriously threatened by the INA, charged 300 INA officers with treason in the INA trials, but eventually backtracked in the face of opposition by the Congress, and a new mood in Britain for rapid decolonisation in India.
Subhas Chandra Bose was born to Bengali parents Prabhavati Bose (née Dutt) and Janakinath Bose on 23 January 1897 in Cuttack—in what is today the state of Odisha in India, but was then part of the Bengal Presidency in British India.[ag][ah] Prabhavati, or familiarly Mā jananī (lit. 'mother'), the anchor of family life, had her first child at age 14 and 13 children thereafter. Subhas was the ninth child and the sixth son.Jankinath, a successful lawyer and government pleader, was loyal to the government of British India and scrupulous about matters of language and the law. A self-made man from the rural outskirts of Calcutta, he had remained in touch with his roots, returning annually to his village during the pooja holidays.
Eager to join his five school-going older brothers, Subhas entered the Baptist Mission's Protestant European School in Cuttack in January 1902. English was the medium of all instruction in the school, the majority of the students being European or Anglo-Indians of mixed British and Indian ancestry.The curriculum included English—correctly written and spoken—Latin, the Bible, good manners, British geography, and British History; no Indian languages were taught. The choice of the school was Janakinath's, who wanted his sons to speak flawless English with flawless intonation, believing both to be important for access to the British in India.The school contrasted with Subhas's home, where only Bengali was spoken. At home, his mother worshipped the Hindu goddesses Durga and Kali, told stories from the epics Mahabharata and Ramayana, and sang Bengali religious songs. From her, Subhas imbibed a nurturing spirit, looking for situations in which to help people in distress, preferring gardening around the house to joining in sports with other boys.His father, who was reserved in manner and busy with professional life, was a distant presence in a large family, causing Subhas to feel he had a nondescript childhood. Still, Janakinath read English literature avidly—John Milton, William Cowper, Matthew Arnold, and Shakespeare's Hamlet being among his favourites; several of his sons were to become English literature enthusiasts like him.
Ideology
Subhas Chandra Bose believed that the Bhagavad Gita was a great source of inspiration for the struggle against the British.Swami Vivekananda's teachings on universalism, his nationalist thoughts and his emphasis on social service and reform had all inspired Subhas Chandra Bose from his very young days. The fresh interpretation of India's ancient scriptures had appealed immensely to him.Some scholars think that Hindu spirituality formed an essential part of his political and social thought.As historian Leonard Gordon explains "Inner religious explorations continued to be a part of his adult life. This set him apart from the slowly growing number of atheistic socialists and communists who dotted the Indian landscape."
Bose first expressed his preference for "a synthesis of what modern Europe calls socialism and fascism" in a 1930 speech in Calcutta. Bose later criticized Nehru's 1933 statement that there is "no middle road" between communism and fascism, describing it as "fundamentally wrong". Bose believed communism would not gain ground in India due to its rejection of nationalism and religion and suggested a "synthesis between communism and fascism" could take hold instead.In 1944, Bose similarly stated, "Our philosophy should be a synthesis between National Socialism and communism
Bose's legacy is mixed. Among many in India, he is seen as a hero, his saga serving as a would-be counterpoise to the many actions of regeneration, negotiation, and reconciliation over a quarter-century through which the independence of India was achieved.
His collaborations with Japanese Fascism and Nazism pose serious ethical dilemmas, especially his reluctance to publicly criticize the worst excesses of German anti-Semitism from 1938 onwards or to offer refuge in India to its victims.
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